This FORREX Series presents a synthesis of the best available research and experiential and traditional ecological knowledge on the impacts and consequences of these shifts (and our responses to them) to forest successional patterns, watershed processes, biodiversity and wildlife, forest carbon, and human values (economic, social, and cultural) and communities including First Nations. [...] The most effective management response to address the high degree of uncertainty in predicting the frequency and intensity of natural disturbances in a particular location is to focus on reducing vulnerability and increasing community resilience. [...] They are limited by the scarcity of information for some natural disturbance types and the effects of those disturbances on the value of interest. [...] By the 1990s, this body of knowledge was being incorporated into a new “ecosystem management” approach in the writings of Jerry Franklin and Chris Maser in the United States and of Stan Rowe and Herb Hammond in Canada. [...] The human disruption of landscape-level natural disturbance regimes, such as floods, fire, or traditional land use, can be a threat to the maintenance of biotic diversity and may result in changes of the abundances of many species (Tilman 1996; Beierkuhnlein 1998).