Refugee claimants have been identified as an immigrant sub-group at high risk of homelessness, and for a number of reasons, the refugee-determination process may include periods of illegal immigration status or statuslessness. Without status, refugee claimants are doubly vulnerable because they are "underground" and excluded from many of the protections and services that someone with status might access, i.e., some emergency shelter services, social housing, social assistance, food banks, work permits, and provincial health insurance. These periods of statuslessness usually occur on arrival before the claim is submitted or at the end of the process if the claim fails.