A scoping study was the preferred type of review to achieve our aims of mapping the literature on APN role definitions, competencies and utilization in the Canadian healthcare system; mapping the policies influencing the development and integration of these roles; and identifying the gaps and opportunities for their improved deployment.21. [...] Several Canadian models of advanced nursing practice35,36 and NP roles37 have emerged in the last five years and support similar competencies outlined by the CNA (2008).5 The University Health Network model emphasizes patient-centredness as the core of APN roles,35 while health is the central focus of a model of NP practice.37 In the Capital Health model, the patient is the focus of the NP and nur [...] Studies of practice patterns indicate that ACNPs spend over 80% of work time providing clinical care56 and had longer hours and less control over their workload compared to PHCNPs.57 A number of papers highlighted the technical components of ACNP roles in providing a variety of patient assessments, diagnostic tests and procedures.56,58-61 In the 1990s, the addition of CNS to the title of Canadian [...] In response to physician concerns, the CNPS improved NP coverage in 2004 by providing “tail coverage” (protection extends from the date of the incident, regardless of when the claim is made even if the NP has left the practice or the policy has expired) and increasing the amount of professional liability coverage for NPs to $5 million per incident and an annual aggregate of $5 million. [...] The increasing publications and interest in the PHCNP role correspond with provincial and national primary healthcare reform policies, funding of PHCNP education programs and roles, and investments in role supports such as the Canadian Nurse Practitioner Initiative.34,115 In contrast, interest in the CNS was less, as evidenced by the lack of academic publications and an absence of provincial or na