TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page 4-17
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Page 20-20
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CHAPTER 1 CRITERIA AND OBJECTIVES OF CHILD SUPPORT
Page 24-47
-----A. Introduction
Page 24-24
-----B. Relevance of Income Tax
Page 25-31
-----C. Statutory Provisions Regulating Child Support
Page 32-34
-----D. The Federal Child Support Guidelines
Page 35-36
-----E. Application of Federal Child Support Guidelines; Provincial Legislation; Foreign Divorces
Page 37-40
-----F. Presumptive Rule; Provincial and Territorial Tables
Page 41-42
-----G. Applicable Provincial or Territorial Table
Page 43-43
-----H. Fixed Table Amount; Judicial Discretion; Condition, Means, Needs and Other Circumstances
Page 44-47
CHAPTER 2 JURISDICTION
Page 48-62
-----A. Judicial Jurisdiction over Original Application for Child Support on or after Divorce
Page 48-48
-----B. Evidence; Practice and Procedure
Page 48-48
-----C. Legislative Authority of Parliament
Page 49-49
-----D. Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
Page 50-50
-----E. Competing Jurisdictions under Provincial and Federal Legislation
Page 51-53
-----F. Time of Original Application
Page 54-54
-----G. Dismissal of Divorce Petition
Page 54-54
-----H. Status of Applicant; Payment to Child
Page 55-59
-----I. Third Party Payments
Page 60-60
-----J. Advance Payments; Post-dated Cheques; Electronic Transfers
Page 61-61
-----K. Child Residing Outside Canada
Page 61-61
-----L. Effect of Death
Page 62-62
CHAPTER 3 DEFINITIONS OF “CHILD OF THE MARRIAGE”; ADULT CHILDREN; OBLIGATION OF DE FACTO PARENT
Page 63-139
-----A. Relevant Statutory Provisions
Page 63-64
-----B. Effect of Differing Criteria under Federal and Provincial Legislation
Page 65-65
-----C. Applicable Criteria under Divorce Act and Federal Child Support Guidelines Respecting Children under and over the Provincial Age of Majority
Page 66-66
-----D. Child’s Illness or Disability; Respective Obligations of Parents and State
Page 67-71
-----E. Post-Secondary Education or Training
Page 72-85
-----F. Unemployment; Scope of “Other Cause”
Page 86-86
-----G. Withdrawal from Parental Charge
Page 87-90
-----H. Reversion to Former Status of Child of the Marriage
Page 91-91
-----I. Persons Standing in Place of Parents
Page 92-121
-----J. Children over Age of Majority: Section 3(2) of Guidelines
Page 122-134
-----K. Conduct
Page 135-139
CHAPTER 4 DETERMINATION OF INCOME; DISCLOSURE OF INCOME
Page 140-246
-----A. Whose Income?
Page 140-140
-----B. Written Agreement as to Annual Income
Page 140-140
-----C. Determination of Annual Income; Use of CRA T1 General Form; Statutory Adjustments
Page 141-162
-----D. Most Current Information to Be Used
Page 163-166
-----E. Pattern of Income
Page 167-172
-----F. Income of Shareholder, Director or Officer of Corporation; Adjustment of Corporation’s Pre-tax Income
Page 173-183
-----G. Imputing Income
Page 184-221
-----H. Child’s Access to Income
Page 222-222
-----I. Income of Non-resident Spouse; Currency Exchange Rate
Page 223-223
-----J. Social Assistance
Page 223-225
-----K. Income Information
Page 226-234
-----L. Ongoing Disclosure
Page 235-235
-----M. Non-disclosure of Income or Assets or of Material Change of Circumstances
Page 236-236
-----N. Disclosure by Third Parties or Non-parties
Page 237-241
-----O. Sanctions for Non-disclosure
Page 242-243
-----P. Financial Statements and Budgets
Page 244-246
CHAPTER 5 SPECIAL OR EXTRAORDINARY EXPENSES
Page 247-292
-----A. General Observations; Distinctions between Ordinary and Extraordinary Expenses
Page 247-252
-----B. Exhaustive List of Designated Expenses; Definition of “Means”
Page 253-256
-----C. Sharing of Expenses as Guiding Principle; Effect of Spousal Support
Page 257-260
-----D. Subsidies, Tax Deductions or Credits
Page 261-263
-----E. Particulars of Expense To Be Specified in Order
Page 264-264
-----F. Add-Ons or Set-Offs
Page 265-265
-----G. Direct and Hidden Costs of Custodial Parent
Page 265-265
-----H. Periodic or Lump Sum Payments
Page 265-265
-----I. Child Care Expenses
Page 265-271
-----J. Medical and Dental Insurance; Medical, Dental or Health-related Expenses
Page 272-275
-----K. Extraordinary Educational Expenses; Private School
Page 276-280
-----L. Expenses for Post-secondary Education
Page 281-284
-----M. Extraordinary Expenses for Extracurricular Activities
Page 285-292
CHAPTER 6 SHARED PARENTING ARRANGEMENTS
Page 293-318
-----A. Split Custody: Section 8 of the Guidelines
Page 293-294
-----B. Shared Custody: Section 9 of the Guidelines
Page 295-318
CHAPTER 7 UNDUE HARDSHIP
Page 319-351
-----A. General Observations
Page 319-324
-----B. Stringent Criterion of Undue Hardship
Page 325-325
-----C. Circumstances That May Cause Undue Hardship
Page 326-328
-----D. Family Debts or Employment Expenses
Page 329-330
-----E. Unusually High Access Expenses; Payment of Child Support to Non-custodial Parent
Page 331-336
-----F. Duty under Court Order or Separation Agreement to Support Any Person
Page 337-337
-----G. Legal Duty to Support any Child other than a Child of the Marriage; Sequential Families
Page 337-340
-----H. Legal Duty to Support Sick or Disabled Person
Page 341-341
-----I. Reasonable Time to Overcome Hardship
Page 342-342
-----J. Judicial Discretion in Cases of Undue Hardship Circumscribed by Comparison of Standard of Living in Respective Households
Page 342-349
-----K. Reasons for Deviation from Norm to be Judicially Recorded
Page 350-350
-----L. Section 7 Expenses
Page 350-350
-----M. Shared Parenting
Page 351-351
CHAPTER 8 IMPACT OF CHILD SUPPORT ON SPOUSAL SUPPORT
Page 352-357
-----A. Priority of Child Support over Spousal Support; Effect of Child Support Order on Assessment of Spousal Support
Page 352-355
-----B. Implications of Child Care during Marriage and after Divorce on Spousal Support Entitlement
Page 356-357
CHAPTER 9 LOW AND HIGH INCOME EARNERS; ANNUAL INCOME OVER $150,000
Page 358-366
-----A. Low Income Earners
Page 358-358
-----B. Annual Income over 150,000
Page 359-364
-----C. High Income Spouse or Former Spouse with Short Career
Page 365-366
CHAPTER 10 EFFECT OF ORDER OR AGREEMENT OR OTHER ARRANGEMENT THAT BENEFITS CHILD; CONSENT ORDERS
Page 367-384
-----A. Advantages and Limitations of Parental Settlements
Page 367-368
-----B. Relevant Statutory Provisions
Page 369-370
-----C. Meaning of “Special Provisions” and “Inequitable” under Sections 15.1(5) and 17(6.2) of Divorce Act
Page 371-371
-----D. Ambit of Judicial Discretion
Page 372-376
-----E. Court Records
Page 377-377
-----F. Consent Orders
Page 378-378
-----G. Provincial Legislation and Guidelines
Page 378-383
-----H. Artificial Insemination
Page 384-384
CHAPTER 11 FORM AND TYPES OF ORDER
Page 385-439
-----A. Diverse Types of Order
Page 385-385
-----B. Interim Orders
Page 386-397
-----C. Periodic and Lump Sum Payments
Page 398-403
-----D. Orders to Pay and Secure Support
Page 404-409
-----E. Division of Property; Possession of Matrimonial Home
Page 410-410
-----F. Information to Be Specified in Order
Page 411-411
-----G. Avoidance of Combined Orders for Child Support and Spousal Support
Page 412-412
-----H. Commencement and Duration of Orders; Effect of Reconciliation
Page 413-417
-----I. Terms and Conditions
Page 418-421
-----J. Cost of Living Indexation
Page 422-422
-----K. Retroactive Permanent and Variation Orders; Appeals
Page 423-439
CHAPTER 12 EFFECT, REGISTRATION AND ENFORCEMENT OF CHILD SUPPORT ORDERS
Page 440-467
-----A. Definition of “Court”
Page 440-440
-----B. National Effect of Corollary Orders
Page 441-441
-----C. Enforcement and Variation Distinguished
Page 441-442
-----D. Enforcement under Provincial Laws
Page 443-443
-----E. Burden of Proof; Failure to Attend
Page 443-443
-----F. Federal Enforcement Legislation
Page 444-444
-----G. Garnishment; Attachment; Execution
Page 444-445
-----H. Enforcement by Provincial Agencies
Page 446-449
-----I. Suspension of Driving Licence
Page 450-450
-----J. Crown’s Priority as Tax Collector; Other Creditors
Page 451-451
-----K. Committal for Contempt; Receivership
Page 452-454
-----L. Order or Agreement; Election of Remedy
Page 455-455
-----M. Enforcement of Support Arrears against Bankrupt Defaulter
Page 455-455
-----N. Fraudulent Conveyances and Preferences
Page 456-456
-----O. Locus Standi of Child
Page 456-456
-----P. Child No Longer a Child of the Marriage
Page 457-457
-----Q. Enforcement, Suspension and Remission of Arrears
Page 457-458
-----R. Enforcement by Provincial Court
Page 459-459
-----S. Enforcement of Separation Agreement
Page 459-459
-----T. Set-Off
Page 460-460
-----U. Interest
Page 460-460
-----V. Piercing the Corporate Veil
Page 461-461
-----W. Division of Matrimonial Property
Page 462-462
-----X. Effect of Death
Page 463-463
-----Y. Stay of Enforcement
Page 463-463
-----Z. Effect of Reconciliation
Page 463-463
-----AA. Laches; Limitation of Actions
Page 464-464
-----BB. Assignment of Orders
Page 465-465
-----CC. Fixing of Arrears; Payment by Instalments
Page 465-465
-----DD. Support Deduction Orders
Page 466-466
-----EE. Reciprocal Enforcement; Interjurisdictional Support Orders
Page 466-466
-----FF. Preservation Orders
Page 467-467
-----GG. Registration against Land
Page 467-467
CHAPTER 13 VARIATION, RESCISSION OR SUSPENSION OF CHILD SUPPORT ORDERS
Page 468-517
-----A. Relevant Statutory and Regulatory Provisions
Page 468-469
-----B. Jurisdiction
Page 470-470
-----C. Variation by Affidavit or Telecommunication
Page 471-471
-----D. Appropriate Judicial District; Appropriate Provincial Forum
Page 471-471
-----E. Effect of Appeal
Page 472-472
-----F. Enforcement and Variation Distinguished under Provincial Legislation
Page 472-472
-----G. Status of Applicant; Effect of Default
Page 472-472
-----H. Interim Variation of Permanent Orders
Page 473-474
-----I. Future Contingencies
Page 475-475
-----J. Change of Circumstances; Onus of Proof
Page 475-477
-----K. Variation of Amount of Child Support Made under Applicable Table
Page 478-478
-----L. Variation Where Amount of Child Support Not under Provincial or Territorial Table
Page 479-484
-----M. Variation of Orders Predating Implementation of Guidelines
Page 485-485
-----N. Adjournments; Stay of Variation Proceeding
Page 486-486
-----O. Increase of Special or Extraordinary Expenses
Page 487-487
-----P. Reduction of Child Support; Termination of Employment
Page 487-488
-----Q. Effect of Remarriage or Unmarried Cohabitation with Third Party
Page 489-489
-----R. Suspension of Orders
Page 489-490
-----S. Remission of Arrears
Page 491-503
-----T. Overpayment
Page 504-505
-----U. Interjurisdictional Support Orders
Page 506-514
-----V. Variation of Consent Orders
Page 515-515
-----W. Variation under Provincial Legislation
Page 516-516
-----X. Variation Pending Appeal
Page 516-516
-----Y. Types of Order
Page 517-517
-----Z. Effect of Death
Page 517-517
-----AA. Automatic Annual Variation
Page 517-517
CHAPTER 14 EVIDENCE; PROCEDURE; COSTS
Page 518-550
-----A. Credibility
Page 518-518
-----B. Proof of Paternity; Blood Tests and DNA Tests; Artificial Insemination
Page 519-520
-----C. Written Interrogatories
Page 521-521
-----D. Affidavits
Page 522-522
-----E. Admissions
Page 523-523
-----F. Notice; Inadequacy of Information; Non-attendance
Page 524-524
-----G. Formal Motion or Application Required; Telephone Application
Page 525-525
-----H. Pleadings
Page 525-526
-----I. Amendment of Pleadings
Page 527-528
-----J. Striking Out of Pleadings
Page 529-531
-----K. Adjournments
Page 532-532
-----L. Duty to Make Full Disclosure
Page 533-533
-----M. Discovery
Page 533-533
-----N. Disclosure by Third Parties
Page 534-534
-----O. Exclusion of Party from Hearing
Page 535-535
-----P. Right to Cross-examine and Give Evidence
Page 535-535
-----Q. Right to be Heard; Allegations of Judicial Bias
Page 536-536
-----R. A Stay of Proceedings for Non-compliance with a Subsisting Order or Other Cause
Page 537-537
-----S. Directing Trial of an Issue
Page 538-538
-----T. Joinder and Consolidation of Actions; Adding of Parties
Page 538-538
-----U. Judicial Reconsideration Before and After Formal Entry of Judgment; Reopening of Case
Page 539-541
-----V. Variation Proceeding
Page 542-542
-----W. Masters; Registrars
Page 542-542
-----X. Computer Programs
Page 543-543
-----Y. Plea of Undue Hardship
Page 543-543
-----Z. Pre-trials
Page 543-543
-----AA. Summary Judgment
Page 544-544
-----BB. Rescission of Orders
Page 544-544
-----CC. Expert Opinions
Page 544-544
-----DD. Judicial Notice
Page 545-545
-----EE. Dispute Resolution Processes
Page 545-545
-----FF. Undertakings
Page 546-546
-----GG. Hearsay Evidence
Page 546-546
-----HH. Self-represented Litigants
Page 546-546
-----II. Judicial Discretion over Costs
Page 546-546
-----JJ. Costs on Solicitor and Client Basis; Special or Increased Costs
Page 547-547
-----KK. Fixed Costs
Page 548-548
-----LL. Security for Costs
Page 548-548
-----MM.Interim Costs and Disbursements
Page 548-548
-----NN. Public Officials
Page 549-550
CHAPTER 15 APPEALS
Page 551-560
-----A. Definition of “Appellate Court”
Page 551-551
-----B. General Observations
Page 551-551
-----C. Restrictions on Status Appeals
Page 552-552
-----D. Restrictions on Corollary Order Appeals
Page 552-553
-----E. Role and Powers of Appellate Court
Page 554-555
-----F. Interim Orders
Page 556-556
-----G. Denial of Appeal; Motion to Dismiss Appeal; Reinstatement of Appeal
Page 556-556
-----H. Effect of Appeal
Page 557-557
-----I. Stay of Order Pending Appeal
Page 557-557
-----J. Absence or Delay of Reasons for Judgment
Page 558-558
-----K. Fresh Evidence
Page 559-559
-----L. Appeals to the Supreme Court of Canada
Page 560-560
APPENDIX 1: DIVORCE ACT
Page 561-587
APPENDIX 2: FEDERAL CHILD SUPPORT GUIDELINES
Page 588-789
-----Federal Child Support Amounts: Simplified Tables
Page 608-789
TABLE OF CASES
Page 790-876
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Page 877-877
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