This timely book is the first complete descriptive grammar of Lillooet, an indigenous Canadian language spoken in British Columbia, now threatened with extinction. The author discusses three major aspects of the language -- sound system, word structure, and syntax -- in great detail. The classical structuralism method of analysis, as developed in North America by Leonard Bloomfield and his followers, is used to look at every aspect of Lillooet in terms of its function and position within the whole structure of the language. Van Eijk explains terms and procedures in order to make the book accessible not only to the advanced linguist, but also to the undergraduate student with basic linguistic training. Written with great clarity, and well organized, the book is illustrated with copious examples drawn from many years of fieldwork in St??t?imc territory.
Authors
- Bibliography, etc. Note
- Includes bibliographical references and index
- Control Number Identifier
- CaOOCEL
- Dewey Decimal Classification Number
- 497/.9
- Dewey Decimal Edition Number
- 21
- General Note
- Issued as part of the desLibris books collection
- ISBN
- 0774806257 9780774854863
- LCCN
- PM1646.L7
- LCCN Item number
- E44 1997eb
- Modifying agency
- CaBNVSL
- Original cataloging agency
- CaBNVSL
- Physical Description | Extent
- 1 electronic text (xxx, 279 p.)
- Published in
- Canada
- Publisher or Distributor Number
- CaOOCEL
- Rights
- Access restricted to authorized users and institutions
- System Control Number
- (CaBNVSL)jme00326719 (OCoLC)696031624 (CaOOCEL)404282
- System Details Note
- Mode of access: World Wide Web
- Transcribing agency
- CaBNVSL
Table of Contents
- Contents 8
- Figures and Maps 16
- Preface and Acknowledgments 18
- Introduction 22
- Symbols and Abbreviations 30
- Part 1: Phonology 32
- 1 Phonemes: General Information and Phonetic Data 34
- 1.1 Retracted versus non-retracted phonemes 34
- 1.2 Dental, velar, and uvular glides 35
- 1.3 Laryngeal, velar, and uvular resonants 35
- 1.4 Dentals, laterals, and palatals 35
- 1.5 Stress 36
- 1.6 Questions of word phonology 36
- 1.7 Distribution of phonemes 37
- 1.8 Neutralizations 38
- 1.9 Phonetic data: details and special questions 41
- 2 Movement of the Stress 45
- 2.1 Roots and suffixes 45
- 2.2 Combinations with enclitics 47
- 2.3 Combinations with prefixes 48
- 3 Distribution of Schwa 49
- 3.1 Cases #REC and #RC 49
- 3.2 Elision of schwa 50
- 3.3 Schwa and obstruents 51
- 3.4 Schwa and resonants 54
- 3.5 The status of? 55
- 4 Internal Sandhi 57
- 4.1 Vowel-consonant alternations and h-epenthesis 57
- 4.2 Reduction of full root vowels 58
- 4.3 Elision of stem-final-as 59
- 4.4 Morphophonemic changes of consonants 59
- 5 Retracted Phonemes 60
- 5.1 Retracted roots 60
- 5.2 Retraction of suffixes 60
- 5.3 Retraction of the nominalizer s- 61
- 5.4 Background of retraction 61
- 6 Structure of Roots 63
- 6.1 Roots: basic characteristics and main types 63
- 6.2 Roots CVC 64
- 6.3 Roots CVCC 65
- 6.4 Roots CCVC 66
- 6.5 Roots CVCVC 66
- 6.6 Roots CVCVC 66
- 6.7 Residual types 66
- 7 Special Questions 67
- 7.1 Aphaeresis and syncope 67
- 7.2 Slow song speech 67
- 7.3 Rhetorical lengthening 67
- 7.4 Nursery talk 67
- 7.5 Treatment of borrowings 68
- Part 2: Morphology 70
- 8 Introduction to Morphology 72
- 8.1 Variable words 72
- 8.2 Invariable words 77
- 8.3 Clitics 77
- 9 The Nominalizer s- 79
- 10 Stem-Forming Prefixes 81
- 10.1 Productive stem-forming prefixes 81
- 10.2 Unproductive prefixes 84
- 11 Compounding 85
- 12 Reduplication 86
- 12.1 Survey of basic types 86
- 12.2 Initial reduplication 88
- 12.3 Final reduplication 89
- 12.4 Consonant reduplication 91
- 12.5 Total reduplication: types (4a) to (4c) 92
- 12.6 Total reduplication: type (4d) 97
- 13 Interior Glottalization 98
- 13.1 Cases C1V?C2 98
- 13.2 Cases C?VC 101
- 14 Aspectual Suffixes 102
- 14.1 The suffix -p 102
- 14.2 The suffix -em 103
- 14.3 The suffix-t 103
- 14.4 The combination n-..-tem 104
- 14.5 Conditioned suffixes 104
- 15 Lexical Suffixes 105
- 15.1 Lexical suffixes: combinations 105
- 15.2 Primary lexical suffixes 107
- 15.3 Connectives 129
- 15.4 Residual suffixes 129
- 16 Abstract Suffixes 133
- 17 Reflexive and Reciprocal Suffixes 136
- 17.1 Reflexive suffixes 136
- 17.2 Reciprocal suffixes 137
- 18 Intransitivizers and Transitivizers 138
- 18.1 Plain stems 139
- 18.2 Somatic suffixes and (in)transitivizers 149
- 18.3 Non-somatic suffixes and (in)transitivizers 151
- 18.4 Nominal stems and (in)transitivizers 153
- 18.5 Abstract suffixes and (in)transitivizers 154
- 18.6 The reflexive suffix-cut 154
- 18.7 Reflexive and reciprocal suffixes: detransitivization and retransitivization 156
- 18.8 Stative and resultative forms 156
- 18.9 Summary of (in)transitivizers 157
- 19 Numerals and Numerical Substitutes 160
- 19.1 Cardinals and numerical substitutes 160
- 19.2 Suffixation 162
- 19.3 Special questions 162
- 19.4 Ordinals, numerical adverbs, and numerical-distributive adverbs 163
- 20 Verbal Substitutes 165
- 20.1. Interrogative verbs 165
- 20.2 Relator-verbs 166
- 21 Summary of Stem Formation 168
- 21.1 Formal operations 168
- 21.2 Aspect 170
- 21.3 Control 171
- 21.4 Transposition 171
- 22 Personal Affixation 173
- 22.1 Survey of affixes 174
- 22.2 The possessive paradigm 176
- 22.3 Simple intransitive and transitive paradigms 177
- 22.4. Complex forms 183
- 22.5 Special questions 187
- 22.6 Object-and subject-centred forms 189
- 22.7 Indirect object-centred forms (nominalized transitives) 190
- 22.8 Summary of complements, nominal forms, and factual forms 191
- 23 Invariable Words: General Remarks 192
- 24 Personal Pronouns and Related Substitutes 193
- 24.1 Personal pronouns 193
- 24.2 Interrogative and indefinite pronouns 196
- 24.3 Evasive pronouns 196
- 24.4 Possessive substitutes 198
- 24.5 The anticipatory pronoun nit 198
- 24.6 Remaining non-local substitutes 198
- 25 Demonstrative Pronouns 199
- 25.1 Demonstrative pronouns: basic information 199
- 25.2 Suffixation with -wna/-na 201
- 25.3 Special forms after prepositions 201
- 26 Demonstrative Adverbs 202
- 26.1 Local deictics 202
- 26.2 Temporal deictics 207
- 27 Proper Nouns 209
- 27.1 Make-up of proper nouns 209
- 27.2 Use of proper nouns 210
- 27.3 Generic pet-names 210
- 28 Full-Word Conjunctions and Adverbs (Particles) 211
- 28.1 Conjunctions 211
- 28.2 Adverbs 213
- 29 Sentence-Equivalents 217
- 29.1 List of sentence-equivalents 217
- 29.2 Variable words as sentence-equivalents 219
- 30 Greetings, Exclamations, and Interjections 220
- 30.1 Greetings and related expressions 220
- 30.2 Exclamations and interjections 222
- 31 Articles 223
- 31.1 Formal aspects 223
- 31.2 Semantics of the articles: general information 224
- 31.3 The category 'known': 'present' versus 'absent' 224
- 31.4 The category 'unknown' 226
- 31.5 The articles kw and wi^ 227
- 31.6 Special questions 228
- 32 Enclitics 230
- 32.1 Individual enclitics 230
- 32.2 The enclitic a 'reinforcement' 237
- 32.3 Combinations of enclitics 238
- 32.4 Combinations of enclitics: special cases 242
- 32.5 Enclitics after indicative and subjunctive forms 244
- 33 Proclitic Conjunctions 248
- 33.1 The conjunction ?e 'before' 248
- 33.2 The conjunction kwu 'attribute-connector' 248
- 34 Prepositions 250
- 34.1 Primary prepositions 250
- 34.2 Secondary prepositions 252
- Part 3: Syntax 254
- 35 Introduction to Syntax 256
- 36 Mono-Clausal Sentences 257
- 36.1 Word order: general information 257
- 36.2 Auxiliaries: types and use 261
- 37 Multi-Clausal Sentences 264
- 37.1 kw-constructions 264
- 37.2 s-constructions 265
- 37.3 t-constructions 265
- 37.4 Subjunctive (c) constructions 265
- 38 Syntax: Special Questions 268
- 38.1 The use of the passive 268
- 38.2 The structure of complex complements 269
- 38.3 Possessive complements 270
- 38.4 Single expression of the plural 271
- 38.5 Focusing elements 272
- Appendixes 274
- 39 A LillooetText 276
- 39.1 Text: 'Máhyeqs and the Mouse' 276
- 39.2 Comments 278
- 40 Comparison of Lillooet Orthographies 282
- Notes 284
- Bibliography 300
- Index 304
- A 304
- B 304
- C 304
- D 305
- E 305
- F 305
- G 305
- H 306
- I 306
- L 306
- M 306
- N 307
- O 307
- P 307
- Q 308
- R 308
- S 309
- T 309
- U 309
- V 310
- W 310
- Z 310
