The morphology of the language is highly complex, especially in the case of the verb. [...] Elsewhere only Basque in the Pyrenees and the languages of the Caucasus survive as relics of the earlier diversity. [...] To the north were the Circassians, with the Ubykhs forming a transitional group between the Circassians and the Abkhaz-Abaza. [...] The so-called 'Fugitive Kabardians,' those who had offered the greatest resistance to the Russians and had fled to the upper reaches of the Kuban and Zelenchuk rivers (Kuipers 1960: 8-9), emigrated to the Ottoman Empire in 1864, along with their kinsmen the West Circassians. [...] There then ensued a prolonged, bloody, if sporadic, conflict which culminated in the devastation of the Kabardians and their kinsmen and the mass emigration of most of them from their old haunts into the border regions of the Ottoman Empire.
Authors
- Bibliography, etc. Note
- Includes bibliographical references: p. 227-231
- Control Number Identifier
- CaOOCEL
- Dewey Decimal Classification Number
- 499/.96
- Dewey Decimal Edition Number
- 20
- General Note
- Issued as part of the desLibris books collection
- ISBN
- 0919813968 9781552383568
- LCCN
- PK9201.K31
- LCCN Item number
- C65 1992eb
- Modifying agency
- CaBNVSL
- Original cataloging agency
- CaBVAU
- Physical Description | Extent
- 1 electronic text (xxi, 231 p., [4] p. of plates)
- Published in
- Canada
- Publisher or Distributor Number
- CaOOCEL
- Rights
- Access restricted to authorized users and institutions
- System Control Number
- (CaBNVSL)rjv00101371 (OCoLC)47011897 (CaOOCEL)402722
- System Details Note
- Mode of access: World Wide Web
- Transcribing agency
- CaOONL
Table of Contents
- Analytical Table of Contents 6
- Preface and Acknowledgements 20
- Maps 24
- 1 Ethnographic Introduction 28
- 1.1 Background 28
- 1.1.2 Diversity 28
- 1.1.3 Importance 29
- 1.2 Northwest Caucasians 29
- 1.3 Demography and Political Units 30
- 1.4 Kabardian 30
- 1.5 Dialects 30
- 1.6 History of the Kabardians 30
- 1.7 Traditional Culture 31
- 1.7.1 Settlement Patterns 31
- 1.7.2 Clothing 31
- 1.7.3 Social Organisation 32
- 1.7.4 Custom 32
- 1.7.5 Kinship 32
- 1.7.6 Religion and Myth 33
- 1.7.7 Social Etiquette 33
- 1.8 Present Culture and Future Prospects 35
- 1.8.1 The Russian Federation 35
- 1.8.2 The Middle East 35
- 1.8.3 Repatriation 35
- 1.8.4 Recent Changes in Circassia 35
- 1.8.5 The Future 35
- 2 Phonetics and Phonology 36
- Introductory paragraph 36
- 2.1 Segmental Inventory 36
- 2.1.1 Source Features 37
- 2.1.2 Points of Articulation 37
- 2.1.3 Typologically Interesting Features 39
- 2.2 Dialect Variations 39
- 2.2.1 Besleney 39
- 2.2.2 Terek Kabardian 40
- 2.2.3 Kuban Kabardian 40
- 2.3 Consonantal Clusters 40
- 2.3.1 Bi-consonantal Clusters 40
- 2.3.2 Stability 41
- 2.3.3 Tri-consonantal Clusters 41
- 2.3.4 Distribution 42
- 2.4 Syllable Canon 42
- 2.4.1 Sonorant Syllables 42
- 2.4.2 Non-sonorant Syllables 42
- 2.5 Stress 43
- 2.5.1 Nouns and Pronouns 43
- 2.5.2 Stress Assignment on Verbs 43
- 2.5.3 Citation Stress and Underlying Vowels 44
- 2.6 The Vowels 45
- 2.6.1 Controversy 45
- 2.6.2 The Open Vowel 50
- 2.6.3 Vowel-Deletion in Nouns 53
- 2.6.4 Full-Grades in Nouns and Adjectives 53
- 2.6.5 Vowel-Colouring 55
- 2.6.6 Glide Codas and Vowel-Colouring 59
- 2.7 Phonology 63
- 2.7.1 Vowel-Deletion before Glide Onset and Glide-Vowel Metathesis 63
- 2.7.2 Rounded Glide 64
- 2.7.3 /r/-Intercalation 65
- 2.7.4 Schwa-Epenthesis for Initial Glides 66
- 2.7.5 /y/-Deletion 66
- 2.7.6 Schwa-Epenthesis and Deletion 67
- 2.7.7 Rounding and Labialisation 71
- 2.7.8 Voice Assimilation 71
- 2.8 Morphophonological Rule 73
- 3 Morphology of the Noun, Adjective, and Pronoun 74
- 3.1 The Noun 74
- 3.1.1 Gender 74
- 3.1.2 Number 75
- 3.1.3 Cases 78
- 3.1.4 Articles and Specificity 83
- 3.1.5 Postpositions 86
- 3.2 Adjectives 89
- 3.2.1 Predicate Adjectives 89
- 3.2.2 Dependent Adjectives 89
- 3.2.3 Possessive Adjectives 90
- 3.2.4 Demonstrative Adjectives 90
- 3.2.5 Gradations of Adjectives 91
- 3.3 Pronouns 92
- 3.3.1 Personal Pronouns 92
- 3.3.2 Interrogative Pronouns 96
- 3.3.3 Indefinite Pronouns 97
- 3.3.4 Relative Pronouns 97
- 3.3.5 Reflexive 98
- 3.3.6 Negative Pronouns 98
- 3.3.7 Reciprocal 98
- 4 The Morphology of the Verb 100
- Introductory paragraphs 100
- 4.1 Theoretical Account 100
- 4.1.1 Argument Structure 101
- 4.1.2 Stem Formation (Derivational Morphology) 104
- 4.1.3 Post-Stem Clitics 106
- 4.1.4 Incorporation 110
- 4.1.5 Pragmatic Morphology 111
- 4.1.6 The Nature of the Verb 113
- 4.1.7 Conclusions 117
- 4.1.8 Word Phrases 117
- 4.2 Descriptive Account 118
- 4.2.1 Order 118
- 4.2.2 Argument 118
- 4.2.3 Pragma 119
- 4.2.4 Oblique Argument Structure 123
- 4.2.5 Transformational Fronting of Tense, Aspect, and Mood 137
- 4.2.6 Stems 141
- 4.2.7 Clitics 146
- 4.2.8 Affixes to the Sentence 156
- 4.2.9 Verbal Indices 159
- 4.2.10 Concord 160
- 5 Word Formation 168
- Introductory paragraphs 168
- 5.1 Adverbs 168
- 5.1.1 Simple Adverbs 169
- 5.1.2 Derived Adverbs 169
- 5.1.3 Clitic Adverbs 171
- 5.2 Adjectives 171
- 5.2.1 Simple Adjectives 171
- 5.2.2 Compound Adjectives 171
- 5.2.3 Recursive Compounding 172
- 5.2.4 Complex Adjectives 172
- 5.2.5 Suffixation 173
- 5.2.6 Degree 176
- 5.2.7 Prefixation 176
- 5.2.8 Circumfixation 177
- 5.3 Nouns 177
- 5.3.1 Compounding 177
- 5.3.2 Recursive Nouns 179
- 5.3.3 Complex Compounds 179
- 5.3.4 Compounds Employing Inflected Verbs 180
- 5.3.5 Affixation 180
- 5.4 Verbs 185
- 5.4.1 Nouns and Adjectives as Verbs 185
- 5.4.2 Active Verbs from Adjectives 185
- 5.5 Expressive Particles 185
- 5.6 Numerals 186
- 5.6.1 Cardinals 186
- 5.6.2 Ordinals 187
- 5.6.3 Multiplicatives 188
- 5.6.4 Distributives 188
- 5.6.5 Fractions 189
- 5.6.6 Estimates 190
- 6 Syntax 192
- Introductory paragraphs 192
- 6.1 Nouns 192
- 6.1.1 Order 192
- 6.1.2 Relative Clauses 193
- 6.1.3 Possessed Nouns 194
- 6.1.4 Coordination 195
- 6.2 Basic Clause Structure 196
- 6.2.1 Copular Sentences 196
- 6.2.2 Order of Nouns 196
- 6.2.3 Postpositional Phrases 199
- 6.2.4 Position of Adverbs 200
- 6.2.5 The Verb 'to move' 200
- 6.3 Scrambling 200
- 6.3.1 Preposing of Oblique Nominals 201
- 6.3.2 Contrastive Fronting 202
- 6.3.3 Passive Movement 203
- 6.4 Role Changes and Assignments 204
- 6.4.1 Anti-Passives 204
- 6.4.2 Dative Objects 205
- 6.4 3 Subject in Genitive 205
- 6.4.4 Subject in Dative 206
- 6.5 Coordination of Clauses 207
- 6.5.1 Coordinative Particles 207
- 6.5.2 Examples 207
- 6.5.3 Subject and Tense Dropping 208
- 6.5.4 Single Deletion and Retention of Mood 209
- 6.6 Subjects 209
- 6.6.1 Equal Subject-Deletion 209
- 6.6.2 Preferred Subject Principle 210
- 6.6.3 Switch Reference 210
- 6.6.4 Subjects and the Animacy Hierarchy 210
- 6.7 Subordination 212
- 6.7.1 Sentential Subjects 212
- 6.7.2 Periphrastic Verbs with Sentential Subjects 213
- 6.7.3 Sentential Objects 214
- 6.7.4 Dummy Subjects and Indirect Object Subordinates 216
- 6.7.5 Postposing of Subordinate Clauses 216
- 6.8 Relative Clauses 216
- 6.8.1 Positions of the Relative Clause 216
- 6.8.2 Non-restrictive Relative Clause 217
- 6.8.3 Reduced Relative Clause 217
- 6.8.4 Relative Head Noun Indices in the Verb 218
- 6.8.5 Independent Relative Pronouns 220
- 6.9 Reduced Adverbial Clauses 220
- 6.10 Inchoatives 221
- 6.11 Reflexives 221
- 6.11.1 Index and Pronoun 221
- 6.11.2 Reflexive of Kinship 222
- 6.12 Reciprocals 222
- 6.12.1 Syntax of Reciprocals 222
- 6.12.2 Special Reciprocals 223
- 6.13 Questions and Their Answers 224
- 6.13.1 Yes/No Questions 224
- 6.13.2 Content Questions 224
- 6.13.3 Clefted Interrogatives 224
- 6.13.4 Rightward Wh-Movement 225
- 6.13.5 Unbounded Rightward Wh-Movement 225
- 6.13.6 Rightward Pseudo-Clefting 226
- 6.14 Subject-Verb Inversion 226
- 6.15 Verb-Raising 227
- 6.16 Negation 227
- 6.16.1 Double Negatives 227
- 6.16.2 Privatives 228
- Appendix A: Analysed Text 230
- Introductory paragraphs 230
- Text 230
- Analysis 235
- Translation 246
- Notes 249
- Appendix B: Symbols and Abbreviations 250
- Entries 250
- Bibliography 254
- Works Cited 254