A Diplomacy of Hope : Canada and Disarmament 1945-1988

Table of Contents

• Contents 6
• Tables and Figures 12
• Foreword 14
• Preface 18
• Acknowledgments 22
• Acronyms 24
• 1 The Bees and the Ants 34
• Good and Bad Marriages: Policy and Strategy 36
• The Bees and the Ants 38
• Psychological Make-Up and Strategies of Negotiation 40
• Policy Coordination between the Bees and the Ants 45
• The Lazy Ant 48
• The Absent-Minded Bee 50
• The Centralizing Bee 54
• The Ant Goes to War 65
• 2 Canada Caught in the Squall, 1945–1952 72
• The Major Transformations 72
• Controlling the Atom 75
• The Atomic Energy Commission 77
• Control of Armed Forces and Weapons Reductions 78
• The Commission for Conventional Armaments 81
• Canadian Diplomatic Actions 84
• Foundations 84
• Canada and the Atomic Energy Commission 88
• Canada and the Commission for Conventional Armaments 96
• Atoms for War or for Peace? 108
• 3 The Pilgrim's Staff and the Blind Man's Cane 117
• The Disarmament Commission and Its Subcommittee 119
• Canada and the Disarmament Commission 122
• Canada's Overall Position 122
• Canadian Reaction to the Tripartite Proposal 125
• The Canadian Proposal for a New Approach 129
• The French Compromise Formula of 24 June 1952 133
• Canada and the Subcommittee of Five 136
• The Question of Canada's Participation in the Subcommittee 137
• Canada and the Proposals Discussed in 1954 and 1955 158
• The "Open Skies" Proposal and the Canadian Arctic 152
• Canada and the Proposals Discussed in 1956 and 1957 158
• 4 Things Told and Things Untold 181
• "Open Skies" over the Canadian Arctic 183
• The Rapacki Plan 189
• The Burns Plan 192
• 5 The Catechesis of Perseverance: Canada and the Ten-Nation Committee on Disarmament 201
• The Preliminary Talks 204
• Dynamics of the Negotiations 206
• The Canadian Position 209
• Areas of Canadian Diplomatic Intervention 209
• 6 The Nuclear Threat: From Dread to Denial 226
• Origin and Evolution of the Eighteen-Nation Committee 228
• Continuity of Canadian Policy (1962–1969) 232
• Areas of Canadian Intervention in the Eighteen-Nation Committee 240
• General and Complete Disarmament 242
• Partial Measures of Disarmament 250
• 7 Canada and the Non-Proliferation Treaty 260
• Growing Civil and Military Importance of the Atom 264
• Brief History of Negotiations 268
• Evolution of International Nuclear Safeguards 278
• Canada and Nuclear Non-Proliferation 282
• Canada, the MLF and Non-Proliferation 282
• Canada's Input to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 290
• Canadian Application of Nuclear Safeguards 298
• The Three Review Conferences on the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 307
• 8 Canada's Position on Chemical and Biological Weapons 312
• General Considerations 313
• Legal Considerations 313
• Military Considerations 316
• Canadian Experience in Chemical Weapons 319
• The Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention 321
• Canada's Position from 1966 to 1972 326
• The Chemical Weapons Convention 333
• Negotiations on Chemical Weapons 334
• Canadian Policy on Chemical Weapons 337
• 9 A Comprehensive Test Ban: In Search of the Grail 345
• General Considerations 345
• Ionizing Radiation 346
• Nuclear Tests and the Arms Race 352
• Seismic Detection 361
• International Efforts in Seismic Detection 365
• Negotiations Leading to the Partial Test Ban Treaty of 1963 368
• Historical Review of Negotiations 368
• Canada's Position between 1956 and 1963 371
• The Elusive CTB Treaty 382
• Overview of Negotiations 382
• Canada's Position between 1963 and 1978 386
• Unwavering Canadian Support (1978–1988) 402
• 10 Canada and Outer Space 406
• Space Law 407
• Space Law and Arms Control 415
• Arms Control and Space 420
• Overview of Negotiations 420
• Negotiations on ASAT (1978–1985) 423
• The NST and the ABM Treaty 427
• The ASAT-ABM Linkage 435
• The Canadian Position 437
• Canada and ASAT Weapons 438
• Canada, SDI and the ABM Treaty 442
• Canada and Verification from Space 448
• 11 Of Turtles and Tanks: Canada and the MBFR Negotiations 453
• MBFR Origins and Canada 455
• The Beginnings of the MBFR 455
• MBFR Origins in the West 457
• Warsaw Pact Reactions 460
• The Final Stages 462
• Canada's Position During the Preparatory Phase of Negotiations (1966–1973) 463
• The Vienna Marathon: MBFR Proposals 1973–1986 469
• Framework of the Negotiations 469
• Initial Positions 471
• The Long March (1974–1979) 476
• Demise of the Negotiations 480
• Analysis of Negotiations: The MBFR and Canada's Role 485
• Canada's Role in the Vienna Negotiations 493
• 12 A Matter of Confidence: Canada and the Military Aspects of the CSCE 497
• Finding the Key in Helsinki 503
• Origins of the Notion of CBMS: An Idea in Search of a Theory 503
• The Development of CBMS following the Harmel Report (1968–1971) 506
• The Emergence of CBMS in the CSCE (1971–1972) 509
• The Multilateral Preparatory Talks at Dipoli (November 1972–June 1973) 511
• From Helsinki to Helsinki: Negotiations on CBMS (1973–1975) 513
• The Final Act of Helsinki: Assessment from a CBM Standpoint 519
• Hopes Fade in Belgrade 523
• A New Bid in Madrid 528
• The French Initiative for a Conference on Disarmament in Europe (1977–1979) 529
• The Work of the Atlantic Alliance in Preparation for the Madrid Negotiations (1979–1980) 534
• The Madrid Conference and the CDE Mandate 539
• Appendix I: The 25 CBMS Studied by NATO 553
• Appendix II: Package of Western CBMS in Summer 1980 554
• Appendix III: Package of Measures for a CDE Mandate 555
• 13 From the Megaphone to the Boudoir: Canada and the Stockholm Conference (1983–1986) 556
• Prelude to Stockholm: The Positions of the Participants during the Summer and Fall of 1983 559
• The Plenary Phase: January to December 1984 565
• Exchange of Proposals 565
• The Nature of the Problem 571
• The Working Group Phase: January to December 1985 574
• Information Measures 575
• Calendars 575
• Notification Measures 576
• Observation Measures 577
• Execution and Verification 577
• Development of Means of Communication 578
• The Drafting Phase: January to September 1986 582
• The Stockholm Accord: A Summary 589
• Conclusion 595
• Appendix A: Primary Sources 608
• Appendix B: Main Topics Discussed by the Canadian Representatives before the Eighteen-Nation Disarmament Committee, the Conference of the Committee on Disarmament, the Committee on Disarmament and the Conference on Disarmament 611
• Appendix C: Texts and Documents submitted by Canada before the Eighteen-Nation Disarmament Committee, the Conference of the Committee on Disarmament, the Committee on Disarmament and the Conference on Disarmament 620
• Notes 624
• Bibliography 660
• Index 668
• A 669
• B 670
• C 671
• D 674
• E 676
• F 677
• G 677
• H 678
• I 679
• J 680
• K 680
• L 681
• M 681
• N 683
• O 686
• P 687
• Q 687
• R 687
• S 688
• T 690
• U 690
• V 692
• W 693
• Y 694
• Z 694