Part of the challenge relates to the uniqueness of the Canada-US border program and the lack of publically available evaluations of cross-border policing programs, particularly in the European Union. [...] In Europe, the creation of the ‘Schengen Agreement’ and the establishment of Europol in Den Haag, The Netherlands are prominent examples. [...] According to Loader and Walker, Interpol has been superseded in importance due to the internationalization of US policing, the development of new forms of police networking, such as Europol, and cross-border cooperation, such as the Convention Implementing the Schengen Agreement (CISA), within the EU. [...] Marenin also interviewed members of the European Commission in Brussels, members of FRONTEX (European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of Members States in the European Union) in Warsaw, and members of the Justice and Home Affairs in Geneva, who were involved in creating an Integrated Border Management (IBM) Strategy. [...] The Germans appeared to promote the notion of the border as a zone, whereas, the French retained a belief in sovereignty and considered the border as a line separating the two entities.