The Canadian Forces has been instrumental in growing the civilian PA profession nationally, by educating the civilian hospital sector as well as promoting the accreditation of educational programs and the certification of PAs.12 With the support and assistance of the Department of National Defence, the Canadian Academy of Physician Assistants (now the Canadian Association of Physician Assistants [ [...] This may be due, in part, to the newness of the profession in Canada and the low number of PAs in Ontario—despite a significant history of practice in the military and the United States. [...] The review’s objectives were to investigate: 1. the impact of PAs on patient safety and risk of harm, 2. the degree of autonomy of practice granted to PAs, and 3. the degree to which PAs have been shown to collaborate with other practitioners in teams Because of the newness of the profession outside of the military in Canada, the review found limited information on PAs’ safety, cost effectiveness, [...] The Costs of Statutory Regulation In general, the costs of the statutory professional regulatory system in Ontario—to the professional, to the employer and to the taxpayer—are significant. [...] HPRAC’s primary criterion is defined in the following way: The fundamental principle with respect to health profession regulation under the RHPA is the protection of the public from harm in the delivery of health care, premised on the fact that it is in the public interest to do so.