Around the start of the 20th century, most writers saw the presence of Aboriginal people in cities as detrimental to the moral and physical conditions of both Aboriginal peoples and urban areas, providing one rationale for removing Aboriginal people from city areas. [...] One of the major achievements of the friendship centres in the early 1980s was to convince the federal government of the legitimacy of the urban Aboriginal population and its institutions. [...] In this context, the Commission made an important contribution in its emphasis on the importance of Aboriginal cultures to the well-being of urban Aboriginal peoples and to the social futures of cities. [...] He describes the evolution of projects and programs under Aboriginal control in the city of Vancouver, and identifies some of the challenges facing urban Aboriginal organizations in developing effective Aboriginal governance. [...] My comments are inspired by documentary information on Quebec’s First Nations, and by the empirical data collected from a group of Aboriginal women living in Montréal and a second group of Aboriginal women from the North Shore and the Abitibi region (Lévesque et al., 2001; Lévesque and Trudeau, 2001).3 New Forms of Mobility The Aboriginal presence in the city has long been seen as the opposite of