Canadian Council on Learning 5 navigating post-secondary education in Canada: the Challenge of a Changing landscape The monograph is organized into five parts: Part 1: Beyond the Binary Model: Canada’s Post-secondary Institutions and Credentials—a brief synopsis of the development of the institutions and structures of Canada’s PSE systems, surveying the different types of institutions and credenti [...] The emergence of institutions that engage in the traditional functions of both universities and colleges is rendering the binary view of Canadian PSE obsolete, as this is ostensibly a new category of public institution in Canada. [...] For instance, one of the purposes in restricting the use of the words university and degree is to prevent the proliferation of fraudulent institutions. [...] In the university setting, the certificate is sometimes awarded as the result of a short, post- graduate program (e.g., certificate of advanced graduate standing) and in these cases, the completion of a degree is a pre-requisite. [...] According to the AUCC (2008b), the pursuit of a doctorate generally “requires the successful completion of original research and the defense of a thesis that makes a substantial contribution to the advancement of knowledge in the student’s chosen field of study.”47 As CMEC describes in its report Canadian Degree Qualifications Framework (2007), “Holders of the doctoral degree must have demonstrate