Exploring minority enclave areas in Montréal, Toronto, and Vancouver : Exploration des enclaves de minorités à Montréal, Toronto, et Vancouver

In general, the degree of ethno-cultural mixing in the residential spaces of Canadian cities is less than that found in Australia or New Zealand, approximately equivalent to that found in the UK, and more than that found in the United States. [...] In fact the initial conceptualization of immigrant settlement in the American city was predicated on the idea that residents of enclaves differ from 5 those in other areas of the city. [...] The term ghettoization should be used carefully, though, and only for those situations when three conditions apply: the vast majority of the members of a group lives in the same area (or a small number of areas); the group constitutes the vast majority of the population of the area (or areas); and the area(s) is also associated with socio-economic marginalization. [...] Of course, the probability of enclaves emerging is related to two things: the ratio of Visible Minorities in a city, and the degree of concentration of Visible Minorities. [...] Since the relative number of new immigrants—arriving in the 1990s and first part of the 2000s—is far lower in Montréal than the other two cities, it follows that the proportion speaking a non-official language in the home most of the time, is also lowest.