Authors
- Bibliography, etc. Note
- Includes bibliographical references
- Control Number Identifier
- CaOOCEL
- Dewey Decimal Classification Number
- 634.9/723/097
- General Note
- Published on the occasion of the 21st session of the International Poplar Commission by National Research Council of Canada in association with Poplar Council of Canada, Poplar Council of the United States NRC no. 43259"--T.p. verso Includes index A publication of the National Research Council of Canada, Monograph Publishing Program Issued as part of the desLibris books collection
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- n------
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- 9781459303294 0660181452
- LCCN
- SD397.P85
- LCCN Item number
- P663 2001eb
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- CaBNVSL
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- CaOODP
- Physical Description | Extent
- 1 electronic text (xvi, 397 p.)
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- CaOOCEL
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- Access restricted to authorized users and institutions
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- (CaBNVSL)gtp00521079 (OCoLC)70769481 (CaOOCEL)404755
- System Details Note
- Mode of access: World Wide Web
- Transcribing agency
- CaOONL
Table of Contents
- Cover Page 1
- Publishing Information 2
- Title Page 3
- Copyright 4
- Dedication 5
- Contents 7
- Preface 12
- Abstract 15
- Résumé 16
- Part A. Poplar biology and culture 17
- Chapter 1. An overview of the genus Populus 17
- Introduction 17
- What's in a name? 19
- General characteristics of poplars 21
- Taxonomy 30
- Section Abaso 34
- Section Turanga 36
- Section Leucoides 37
- Section Aigeiros 37
- Section Tacamahaca 43
- Section Poplus 49
- Conclusions 56
- Acknowledgements 56
- References 57
- Chapter 2. Poplar breeding strategies 59
- Introduction 59
- Implications of clonal propagation 61
- The concept of genetic gain in poplar breeding 67
- Selection criteria 68
- Breeding strategies 68
- Species selection 69
- Species incompatibility 70
- Mating designs 72
- Non-recurrent F1 breeding 75
- Recurrent intra-specific breeding 75
- Recurrent inter-specific breeding 76
- Intra–inter-specific breeding 78
- Reciprocal recurrent selection 78
- Backcross breeding 81
- More complex hybridization methods 83
- Testing strategies 83
- Multiple trait issures 86
- Conclusions and future work 89
- References 90
- Chapter 3. Physiological ecology of poplars 93
- Introduction 93
- Structure and growth 95
- Growth and morphology of the crown 95
- Architecture of the root system 98
- Dynamic of fine roots 104
- Carbon physiology 107
- Effects of biotic and abiotic stresses 110
- Coppice physiology 110
- Water relations 111
- Water economy 112
- Root–shoot relations 114
- Adjustments in cell water relations 116
- Adjustments to flooding 117
- Mineral nutrient relations 119
- Mineral nutrient characteristics 120
- Seasonal patterns and nutrient cycling 121
- Physiology of yield 123
- Expressions of yield 123
- Physiological determnants of yield 124
- A poplar ideotype 127
- Conclusion 130
- Acknowledgements 131
- References 131
- Chapter 4. Ecology and silviculture of natural stands of Poplus species 135
- Introduction 135
- Regeneration in Populus 137
- Vegetative regeneration 137
- Sexual regeneration 143
- Genetics of natural populations of Populus 145
- Genetic variability in Populus populations 145
- Genetic structure 146
- Clonal attributes 146
- Clonal variation 147
- Natural hybridization 147
- Effects of silvicultural systems on Populus genetics 148
- Productivity 149
- Site quality 149
- Soil-site studies 152
- Silvicultural systems for aspen 155
- Ecosystem management 155
- Harvesting technology 159
- Thinning 159
- Silvicultural systems for other Populus species 161
- Summary 162
- Acknowledgements 163
- References 164
- Chapter 5. Ecology and silviculture of poplar plantations 169
- Introduction 169
- Propagation and production of planting stock 170
- Planting stock types 170
- Stock production systems 172
- Unrooted dormant cuttings and sets 172
- Weed control strategies 173
- Fertilization and irrigation 179
- Crop health, protection, and hygiene 179
- Unrooted dormant branch cuttings 180
- Rooted dormant cuttings 180
- Container nursery for rooted plants 181
- Stock harvesting, processing, and quality control 181
- Harvesting 181
- Processing 182
- Quality control 183
- Stock packaging and storage 183
- Site requirements and site selection 183
- Site requirements 184
- Unfavorable site conditions 184
- Site selection 186
- Site preparation 187
- Planting 189
- Competition control 190
- Weed control 190
- Tending 192
- Other competitors 193
- Mammals 193
- Insects and diseases 194
- Fertilization 194
- Nitrogen requirements 194
- Diagnosing nutrient deficiences 196
- Soil testing 197
- Approaches to fertilizing poplar 197
- Other nutrients 199
- Regional distinctions 202
- North Central 202
- Northeast 202
- Pacific Northwest – westside 203
- Pacific Northwest – eastside 203
- Southeast Coastal Plain, irrigated 204
- Lower Mississippi River Valley, non-irrigated 205
- Thinning 206
- Coppicing 208
- Growth and yield 209
- Diameter and height growth 211
- Volume growth 213
- Biomass growth 215
- Environmental effects 218
- Acknowledgements 219
- References 219
- Chapter 6. Environmental benefits of poplar culture 223
- Introduction 223
- Protection plantings: windbreaks and shelterbelts 224
- Erosion control 225
- Riparian buffer systems 226
- Phytoremediation and wastewater reuse 227
- Bioenergy 229
- Carbon sequestration 230
- Urban amenity plantings 231
- Climate change 231
- Acknowledgement 234
- References 234
- Chapter 7. Insects pests of Populus: coping with the inevitable 235
- Introduction 235
- Tradeoffs: high growth, low resistance to pests 235
- Not all insects are equally important 236
- Selected insect problems 237
- Insects feeding on leaves 237
- Cottonwood leaf beetle 237
- Forest tent caterpillar 241
- Large aspen tortix 243
- Insects feeding on elongating shoots 246
- Spotted poplar aphid 246
- Cottonwood twig borer 246
- Insects feeding within woody stems 248
- Poplar borer 248
- Poplar gall saperda and the poplar branch borer 248
- Poplar–willow borer 251
- What to plant? Choosing low-suseptibility clones 251
- Landscape considerations: how to plant, knowing that more plants means more insects 253
- Polycultures are in; monocultures are out 259
- Checkerboarding: keeping "islands" small difficult to find increases pest extinction 259
- Managing natural enemies to encourage presence, persistence, and efficacy 260
- Concluding remarks 261
- References 261
- Chapter 8. Poplar diseases 265
- Introduction 265
- The major diseases of Populus in North America 267
- 1. Leaf rust caused by species of Melampsora 267
- 2. Stem canker caused by Septoria musiva 267
- 3. Leaf and shoot blight caused by Venturia spp. 269
- 4. Leaf spot caused by Marssonina brunnea 269
- 5. Hypoxylon canker of aspen 272
- 6. Leaf bronzing of aspen 272
- 7. White trunk rot of aspen 274
- Regional variation in diseases of hybrid poplar 274
- Influence of disease on current and future aspen management in the Lake States 280
- The transgenic approach to disease resistance in poplars 284
- Patterns of presence and absence of Septoria canker in the U.S. 286
- Distribution of Septoria canker in Quebec 287
- Breeding for resistance to Septoria canker in Quebec 289
- Conclusions 290
- References 291
- Chapter 9. Properties and utilization of poplar wood 293
- Introduction 293
- Properties 295
- Utilization options 298
- Pulp and paper 299
- Lumber 300
- Composite products 301
- Biomass for energy 304
- Other uses 304
- Summary 305
- References 306
- Chapter 10. The science of poplar culture 309
- Introduction 309
- Poplars in scientific research 309
- Critical areas for poplar research 313
- Decline of natural populations of poplar 313
- Planting aspen clones 315
- Diseases and insect pests 317
- The role of genetically modified organisms 318
- The economic bottom line 320
- Conclusions 321
- Acknowledgements 323
- References 323
- Part B. Characteristics of commercial poplar clones and cultivars 325
- Chapter 11. Poplar clones: an introduction and caution 325
- Introduction 325
- The good, the bad, and the ugly 326
- Standing the test of time 327
- Naming the multitudes 333
- A clone in a clone – or is it? 337
- Final thoughts 339
- Acknowledgements 339
- References 339
- Chapter 12. Keys to species and main crosses 341
- Simplified key to adults of wild poplar species worldwide, excluding hybrids 341
- Simplified key to native poplar species and commonly cultivated species and hybrids in North America north of Mexico 344
- Chapter 13. Descriptions of clonal characteristics 347
- General characteristics of main crosses 347
- Euramerican hybrids, Populus × canadensis Moench (syn. P. × euramericana Guinier, nom. illeg.) 347
- Interamerican hybrids, Populus × generosa A. Henry (syn. P. × interamericana van Broekh.) 348
- Other intersectional hybrids 349
- Aspen hybrids 350
- Descriptions of some important clones in North America for production and general cultivation 352
- Species selections 352
- Populus alba Linnaeus 'Nivea,' silver poplar 352
- Populus alba Linnaeus 'Pyramidalis,' Bolleana poplar 353
- Populus deltoides Marshall 'Belleville' 354
- Populus deltoides Marshall 'S7C8' 355
- Populus deltoides Marshall 'S7C15' 356
- Populus deltoides Marshall 'S7C20' 357
- Populus deltoides Marshall 'ST70' 358
- Populus deltoides Marshall ST148' 359
- Populus nigra Linnaeus 'Italica,' Lombardy poplar 360
- Populus simonii Carrière 'Fastigiatia' 361
- Populus tremula Linnaeus 'Erecta' 362
- Hybrid selections 363
- Hybrid selections 363
- Populus × berolinensis Dippel 'Berlin poplar' 363
- Populus × berolinensis Dippel 'Petrowskyana,' Russian poplar 364
- Populus 'Brooks' 365
- Populus 'Griffin' 366
- Populus × canadensis Moench 'Allenstein' [DN1] 367
- Populus × canadensis Moench 'Baden 431' [DN2] 368
- Populus × canadensis Moench 'Blanc du Poitou' [DN19] 369
- Populus × canadensis Moench 'Canada Blanc' [DN30] 370
- Populus × canadensis Moench 'DN21' 371
- Populus × canadensis Moench 'DN70' 372
- Populus × canadensis Moench 'Eugenei,' Carolina poplar [DN34] 373
- Populus × canadensis Moench 'Gelrica' [DN5] 374
- Populus × canadensis Moench 'I-45/51' 375
- Populus × canadensis Moench 'NE367' 376
- Populus × canadensis Moench 'Regenerata' [DN16] 377
- Populus × canadensis Moench 'Robusta' [DN17] 378
- Populus × canadensis Moench 'Stormont' [DN74] 379
- Populus × canadensis Moench 'Walker' 380
- Populus × canescens J.E. Smith 'Gray Poplar' 381
- Populus × canescens J.E. Smith 'Tower' 382
- Populus × generosa A. Henry '11-11' 383
- Populus × generosa A. Henry '15-29' 384
- Populus × generosa A. Henry '20-88-183' 385
- Populus × generosa A. Henry '23-91' 386
- Populus × generosa A. Henry '24-305' 387
- Populus × generosa A. Henry '49-177' 388
- Populus × generosa A. Henry '52-225' 389
- Populus × generosa '184-411' 390
- Populus 'Androscoggin' 391
- Populus '282-189' 392
- Populus 'NM6' [Max5] 393
- Populus × jackii Sargent 'Balm of Gilead' 394
- Populus × jackii Sargent 'Jackii 4' 395
- Populus × jackii Sargent 'Northwest' 396
- Populus × rouleauiana B. Bovin 'Pyramidalis' 397
- Some additional important commercial clones not described here 398
- Chapter 14. Breeding strategies for the 21st Century: domestication of poplar 399
- Introduction 399
- Plant domestication 400
- Characteristics of a domesticated tree 402
- Discovery of domestication genes for poplar 404
- Genetic engineering as a core technology for the "Gene Revolution" in poplar culture 406
- Goals for poplar domestication 407
- Conclusion 408
- Acknowledgements 409
- References 409
- Appendix. English to metric conversions 411
- Clone index 413
