Outline of Classical Chinese Grammar is a comprehensive introduction to the syntactical analysis of classical Chinese. Focusing on the language of the high classical period, which ranges from the time of Confucius to the unification of the empire by Qin in 221, the book pays particular attention to the Mencius, the L?nyu, and, to a lesser extent, the Zu?zhu?n texts.
Outline of Classical Chinese Grammar starts with a brief historical overview and a discussion of the relation between the writing system and the phonology. This is followed by an outline of overall principles of word order and sentence structure. The next sections deal with the main sentence types ? nominal predicates, verbal predicates, and numberical expressions, which constitute a special type of quasiverbal predication. The final sections cover such topics as subordinate constitutents of sentences, nondeclarative sentence types, and complex sentences.
Authors
- Bibliography, etc. Note
- Includes bibliographical references: p. [171]-174
- Control Number Identifier
- CaOOCEL
- Dewey Decimal Classification Number
- 495.1/5
- Dewey Decimal Edition Number
- 20
- General Note
- Includes indexes Issued as part of the desLibris books collection
- ISBN
- 0774805056 9780774854603
- LCCN
- PL1101
- LCCN Item number
- P86 1995eb
- Modifying agency
- CaBNVSL
- Original cataloging agency
- CaBNVSL
- Physical Description | Extent
- 1 electronic text (xiv, 192 p.)
- Published in
- Canada
- Publisher or Distributor Number
- CaOOCEL
- Rights
- Access restricted to authorized users and institutions
- System Control Number
- (CaBNVSL)jme00326711 (OCoLC)180704229 (CaOOCEL)404318
- System Details Note
- Mode of access: World Wide Web
- Transcribing agency
- CaBNVSL
Table of Contents
- Contents 6
- Preface 14
- Abbreviations 16
- I. Introduction 18
- 1. Historical Outline 18
- 2. Sound 19
- (a) Fanqiè [omitted] 20
- (b) Tones 21
- 3. Symbol 22
- 4. Syllable and Word 23
- 5. Morphology 25
- II. Some Basic Principles of Classical Chinese Syntax 27
- 1. Word Classes 27
- 2. Subject and Predicate 28
- 3. Word Order 29
- III. Noun Predication 31
- 1. Verbless Noun Predication 31
- (a) Questions 31
- (b) Pronouns and Particles with Verbless Noun Predicates 32
- (c) Verbless Comparisons with Yóu [omitted] 33
- (d) Omission of Ye [omitted] 33
- (e) The Aspect Particle Yi [omitted] after Verbless Noun Predicates 34
- (f) Other Meanings of Ye [omitted] 35
- 2. The Copula Verb Wéi [omitted] 35
- 3. The Copula Yue [omitted] 36
- 4. The Preclassical Copula Wéi [omitted] 37
- IV. Verbal Predicates 38
- 1. Classes of Verbs 38
- 2. Adjectives 39
- 3. Nouns Used as Verbs 40
- 4. Intransitive Verbs 41
- 5. Transitive Verbs — Active and Passive 42
- 6. Verbs of Motion and Location — Intransitive and Transitive 43
- 7. The Verbs You [omitted] 'have; there is/are' and Wú [omitted] 'not have; there is/are not' 45
- 8. Transitive Verbs with Two Objects 46
- 9. Passive Constructions 50
- V. Compound Verbal Predicates 54
- 1. Coordination 54
- 2. Clause Objects — Verb Phrases as Objects of Transitive Verbs 54
- 3. Pivot Constructions — The Causative 55
- 4. Verb Phrases as Complements to Adjectives 57
- (a) Adjectives That Make a Following Verb Passive 57
- (b) Other Adjectives That Take Verb Phrases as Complements 59
- 5. Verbs in Series 59
- (a) The Construction in General — The Particle Ér [omitted] 59
- (b) Dé (ér) [omitted], Shuài (ér), [omitted], etc. 61
- 6. Coverbs 62
- (a) Transitive Verbs Corresponding to Prepositions 62
- (b) Coverbs of Place 68
- (c) Descriptive Complements with Rú [omitted] and Yóu [omitted] 72
- (d) Coverbs as Subordinating Conjunctions 72
- VI. Numerical Expressions 73
- 1. As Predicates 73
- 2. As Complements 73
- 3. As Modifiers of Nouns 74
- 4. Yòu [omitted] 'and' 75
- VII. Noun Phrases and Nominalization 76
- 1. Coordination and Subordination of Nouns 76
- (a) Coordination 76
- (b) Subordination 76
- 2. Nominalization 77
- (a) Unmarked Nominalization 77
- (b) Marked Nominalization by Inserting Zhi [omitted] 79
- (c) Zhe [omitted] 81
- (d) Suo [omitted] 83
- VIII. Topicalization and Exposure 84
- 1. Exposure of an Element That is Not the Subject 84
- 2. Exposure of the Subject 86
- 3. Zé [omitted] Marking Exposure 87
- 4. X zhi yú [omitted] Y 88
- 5. Other Particles Marking Topicalization or Contrastive Exposure 88
- (a) Ye [omitted] 88
- (b) Wéi [omitted] 89
- (c) Zhe [omitted] 89
- (d) Fú [omitted] 89
- (e) Ruò fú [omitted] 90
- IX. Pronouns and Related Words 91
- 1. Personal Pronouns 91
- (a) First Person 91
- (b) Second Person 92
- (c) Third Person 93
- (d) Reflexive Personal Pronoun 98
- (e) Personal Pronouns with Negative Particles 99
- 2. Demonstratives 100
- (a) Shì [omitted] 100
- (b) Ci [omitted] 101
- (c) Bi [omitted] 101
- (d) Si [omitted] 103
- (e) Zi [omitted] 103
- (f) Shí [omitted], Shí [omitted] 104
- (g) Shí [omitted] 104
- (h) Fú [omitted] 104
- (i) Er [omitted] 105
- (j) Ruò [omitted] 105
- 3. Interrogatives 106
- (a) (i) Shuí [omitted] 106
- (ii) Shú [omitted] 107
- (iii) Chóu [omitted] 108
- (b) (i) Hé [omitted] 108
- (ii) Xi [omitted] 110
- (iii) Hú [omitted] 110
- (iv) Hé [omitted] 110
- (v) Hé [omitted] 110
- (c) (i) Yan ,[omitted] , an [omitted] 111
- (ii) Wu hú [omitted] , wu [omitted] wu [omitted] 111
- 4. Indefinite Pronouns 112
- (a) Tuo [omitted] 112
- (b) Mou [omitted] 112
- (c) Rén [omitted] 112
- X. Adverbs 114
- 1. Adverbial Use of Nouns 114
- 2. Adjectives as Adverbs 115
- 3. Verbs as Adverbs 116
- 4. Numerical Expressions as Adverbs 116
- 5. Expressive Adverbs in Rán [omitted], Rú [omitted] etc. 117
- XI. Negation 118
- 1. P/f Negatives 118
- (a) Bú [omitted] 118
- (b) fou [omitted] 118
- (c) Fú [omitted] 119
- (d) Fei [omitted] 121
- (e) Po [omitted] 121
- (f) Hé [omitted] 122
- 2. M/w Negatives 122
- (a) Wú [omitted] , Wú [omitted] and Wú [omitted] 122
- (b) Wù [omitted] 'do not' 123
- (c) Wáng [omitted] 124
- (d) Wang [omitted] 124
- (e) Mò [omitted] 124
- (f) Wèi [omitted] 124
- (g) Wéi [omitted] 125
- (h) Mi [omitted] 125
- (i) Miè [omitted] 10
- (j) Mò [omitted] 10
- XII. Aspect, Time, and Mood 127
- 1. Verbal Aspect — Preverbal Particles 127
- (a) Jì [omitted] 128
- (b) Wèi [omitted] 129
- c) Preverbal Yi [omitted] 130
- 2. Sentential Aspect — Sentence Final Particles 131
- (a) Yi [omitted] 131
- (b) Ye [omitted] 133
- (c) Yi [omitted] 133
- 3. Time Words 134
- (a) Time Expressions in Topic Position 134
- (b) Cháng [omitted] 134
- (c) Céng [omitted] 134
- (d) jiang [omitted] 135
- (e) Qie [omitted] 136
- (f) fang [omitted] 136
- (g) Shi [omitted] 136
- (h) Chu [omitted] 137
- 4. Modality 137
- (a)Qí [omitted] 138
- (b) Dài [omitted] Shu ji [omitted] 139
- (c) Gài [omitted] 139
- (d) Wú [omitted] , Wú [omitted] , and Wù [omitted] 139
- (e) Níng [omitted] 140
- XIII. Adnominal and Adverbial Words of Inclusion and Restriction 141
- 1. Words of Inclusion 141
- (a) Zhu [omitted] 'all; members of the class of 141
- (b) Fán [omitted] 'all' 142
- (c) Jie [omitted] ,Ju 'all' 142
- (d) Ju [omitted] 'both, together' 144
- (e) Gè [omitted] 'each' 145
- (f) Mei [omitted] every (time), always: whenever' 145
- (g) Words of Verbal Origin 146
- 2. Restriction 146
- (a) Wéi [omitted] 'only' 146
- (b) Dú [omitted] 'only' 148
- (c) Other Similar Words 148
- (d) Restriction by Final Particles 149
- 3. Some, None 149
- (a) Huò [omitted] 'some one; some' 149
- (b) Mò [omitted] 'no one; none' 151
- 4. Reflexive and Reciprocal Pronominal Adverbs 151
- (a) Zì [omitted] 'oneself 151
- (b) Xiang [omitted] 'each other, mutually' 151
- (c) Shen [omitted] 'body, person, self 152
- (d) Jiao [omitted] 'in exchange, mutually'; Hù [omitted] 'mutually' 152
- XIV. Imperative, Interrogative and Exclamatory Sentences 153
- 1. Imperative Sentences 153
- (a) Unmarked 153
- (b) Qing [omitted] 'I beg of you; please' 153
- (c) Prohibition. See XI.2 153
- (d) Modal Qí [omitted] in Imperative Sentences. See XII.4a 154
- 2. Interrogative Sentences 154
- (a) Simple Questions 154
- (b) Rhetorical Questions 155
- 3. Exclamatory Sentences 161
- (a) Zai [omitted] 161
- (b) Inversion of Subject and Predicate 162
- XV. Complex Sentences 163
- 1. Parataxis and Hypotaxis 163
- 2. Conditional Clauses 164
- (a) Parataxis 164
- (b) Subordination by a Particle in the If-Clause 165
- c) Subordination bv a Particle in the Main Clause 169
- 3. Concessive Clauses 171
- a) Sui [omitted] 'although, even if' 171
- (b)Sui ... ér ...[omitted] 172
- (c)Fei ... ér ...[omitted] 172
- (d) Zòng [omitted] 173
- 4. Temporal Clauses 173
- (a) Verbs in Series 173
- (b) Aspect Particles in the First Clause 173
- (c)Jí [omitted] 'when' 173
- (d) Simultaneity — Dang [omitted], Fang [omitted], ... shí [omitted] 175
- (e) Topic Phrases 176
- (f) Ér hòu [omitted], Rán hòu [omitted] 176
- 5. Cause, Reason 176
- (a) The Coverb Yi [omitted] 176
- (b) Gù [omitted] 'reason' 177
- (c) Explanatory Noun Predicate after Main Clause.(See VII.2a.ii and XII.3c) 177
- Notes 178
- Sources of Examples 184
- Bibliography 186
- Index of Chinese Vocabulary Items 190
- A 190
- B 190
- C 190
- D 190
- E 191
- F 191
- G 192
- H 192
- J 193
- K 194
- L 194
- M 194
- N 194
- P 195
- Q 195
- R 195
- S 196
- T 197
- W 197
- X 199
- Y 199
- Z 201
- General Index 204
- A 204
- B 204
- C 204
- D 204
- E 204
- F 205
- G 205
- H 205
- I 205
- J 205
- K 205
- L 205
- M 205
- N 206
- O 206
- P 206
- Q 206
- R 206
- S 206
- T 206
- U 207
- V 207
- W 207
- X 207
- Y 207
- Z 207