Middle Chinese : A Study in Historical Phonology

Table of Contents

• Contents 8
• Conventions and Abbreviations 12
• Preface 14
• Chapter 1 Introduction 22
• 1.1 The History of "Standard Chinese" 22
• 1.2 Phonological Theory—Distinctive Features 25
• 1.2.1 Segment and Syllable 27
• 1.2.2 The Primary Features of Vowels 32
• 1.2.3 Glides 36
• 1.2.4 The Neutral Vowel Schwa [omitted] 41
• 1.2.5 Retroflexion 45
• 1.2.6 Features of Consonants (a) Place of Articulation 48
• 1.2.7 Features of Consonants (b) Manner of Articulation 51
• 1.2.8 Phonation 52
• 1.2.9 Tones 56
• Chapter 2 The Phonology of Pekingese 62
• 2.1 The Consonants of Pekingese 63
• 2.2 The Finals of Pekingese 66
• 2.3 The Retroflex Suffix 74
• 2.4 Vowelless Chinese? 78
• 2.5 Pekingese Tones 78
• Chapter 3 Late Middle Chinese 81
• 3.1 Sources 81
• 3.2 The Thirty-six Initials 84
• 3.2.1 Classification by Place and Manner of Articulation 85
• 3.2.2 Classification by Phonation 88
• 3.2.3 The Six "Extra" Initials—fei, fu, feng, wei, niang, chuang 89
• 3.3 Classification of Finals 91
• 3.3.1 Inner and Outer 92
• 3.3.2 Open and Closed 94
• 3.3.3 The Basic Pattern of the Four Grades 94
• 3.3.4 Nuclear Vowels—the Long aa of Grade II and the Glide Strengthening Rule 100
• 3.3.5 Finals with Labial Fricative Initials 107
• 3.3.6 The Four Grades in Sino-Vietnamese 112
• 3.3.7 The Four Grades in Kan'on 116
• 3.3.8 The Four Grades in Sino-Korean 121
• 3.3.9 Evidence for the Four Grades in Tibetan Transcriptions 125
• 3.4 The Sixteen Rhyme Groups 126
• 3.4.1 Guo 127
• 3.4.2 Jia 128
• 3.4.3 Yu 129
• 3.4.4 Xie 131
• 3.4.5 Zhi 132
• 3.4.6 Xiao 133
• 3.4.7 Liu 134
• 3.4.8 Dang 134
• 3.4.9 Zeng 138
• 3.4.10 Geng 139
• 3.4.11 Jiang 142
• 3.4.12 Tong 143
• 3.4.13 Shan 146
• 3.4.14 Zhen 147
• 3.4.15 Xian 148
• 3.4.16 Shen 148
• Chapter 4 The Sources of Early Middle Chinese 150
• 4.1 The Relation between EMC and LMC 150
• 4.2 Varieties of EMC 151
• 4.3 The Sources of the Qieyun 154
• 4.3.1 The Text of the Qieyun 156
• 4.3.2 The Structure and Arrangement of the Qieyun 157
• 4.3.3 The Niu Principle 158
• 4.3.4 Tongyong Categories 159
• 4.3.5 The Fanqie of the Qieyun 163
• 4.4 Other Systems of Fanqie 164
• 4.5 Rhyming in Poetry 166
• 4.6 Buddhist Transcriptions 168
• 4.7 Dialects as Sources for EMC 169
• 4.8 Japanese Evidence for EMC—Go'on and Manyogana 175
• 4.9 Vietnamese Evidence for EMC 180
• Chapter 5 Reconstruction of Early Middle Chinese 183
• 5.1 Initials 183
• 5.1.1 Voiced Obstruents 184
• 5.1.2 Laryngeals and Velar Fricatives 184
• 5.1.3 The Glides j and w and the Zero Initial 185
• 5.1.4 Front and Back Allophones of the Velars—Type A and B Syllables 188
• 5.1.5 The Retroflex Stops and Nasal 189
• 5.1.6 Palatal and Retroflex Sibilants 190
• 5.1.7 Voiced Affricates 190
• 5.1.8 The Palatal Nasal 192
• 5.1.9 Labials 192
• 5.1.10 The Source of LMC Medial j 192
• 5.1.11 Medial w 197
• 5.2 Finals 197
• 5.2.1 Type A Finals (a) Grade I 200
• 5.2.2 Type A Finals (b) Grade II 205
• 5.2.3 Grade IV 219
• 5.3 Type B Finals 224
• 5.3.1 Finals in -im, -ip, -in, -ik 225
• 5.3.2 Other Evidence for High Vowels as Characteristic of Type B Finals 228
• 5.3.3 Rhyme zhen[omitted] 239
• 5.3.4 The Type B Final of geng 240
• 5.3.5 The Type B Final of ma 242
• 5.3.6 The Type B Finals of ge 243
• 5.3.7 The Type A Final of rhyme zhong[omitted] 244
• 5.4 Final Consonants 244
• 5.4.1 Final -s 244
• 5.4.2 The Old Chinese Origins of the Palatalized and Labialized Velars 245
• 5.4.3 Uvulars 247
• 5.5 Tones 252
• Appendix I: A Comparison of EMC and LMC with Karlgren's "Ancient Chinese" 253
• Appendix II: Reconstruction of Early Mandarin—The Zhongyuan yinyun 259
• Bibliography 276
• A. Primary Sources 276
• B. Secondary Works Cited 278