Review of health effects of Naphthenic acids

An understanding of the forms and composition of OSPW-derived naphthenic acids and other organic compounds present in fresh and aged OSPW, and the effect of aging and aging environment on this composition, and variation in OSPW composition across oil sands processes is incomplete. [...] Subchronic/Chronic Noncarcinogenic Toxicity A finding of this review is: Based upon limited information reviewed, uncertainty remains in the understanding of toxicokinetic (fate in the body) and toxicodynamic (mode of action and dose-response) information needed to infer noncarcinogenic human exposure-related responses to naphthenic acids and other acid-extractable organics present in aged and r [...] A surfactant is a chemical that is capable of stabilizing mixtures of oil and water by reducing the surface tension at the interface between the oil and water molecules. [...] The mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) on the x-axis is the relationship between the mass of a given ion and the number of elementary charges that it carries. [...] Uncertainty exists in the understanding of potential biological toxicity of OSPW due to the lack of characterization of other chemicals in the OSPW organic fraction.