Methods Given the large number of types of ENPs addressed in the literature, the volume and diversity of primary studies, the recognized limitations of those studies (i.e., the reliance on animal and cell studies), and the need to position the evidence in a rapidly evolving research and policy context, it was determined that the most effective way to address the research question was to undertake [...] The lone systematic review and critical appraisal concluded that it is “somewhat possible for the CNFsb to penetrate the human cells in the targeted organs and to cause cellular damage.”57 The usefulness of CNTs is that they can be functionalized; that is, different molecules or atoms can be bound to the carbon atoms of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) to provide desired characteristics. [...] A case study of an overdose to Ag NP, contained in a wound dressing product used to treat extensive leg wounds, has been documented63; after six days of treatment, the patient developed grey discolouration and reported symptoms of tiredness and lack of appetite with elevated silver levels in the urine and blood.63 This case underscores the potential for adverse health events at high levels of expo [...] Although this case series provides credible evidence of a causal link in the particular circumstance74 and highlights the risk potential of ENPs more generally, the unknown level of exposure, previous exposures and health status, and egregious failure to implement safe work practices make the applicability of these findings to other contexts problematic. [...] Australia In 2008, Australia’s National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme (NICNAS) issued a voluntary call to industry and researchers for information on intended use, life- cycle, environmental fate, and toxicological data of nanomaterials.85 The data will be used to prepare a public report on the use and development of nanomaterials in industrial, cosmetic, and personal car
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