The timing, patterning, & forms of gentrification & neighbourhood upgrading in Montreal, Toronto, & Vancouver, 1961 to 2001 : Timing, patterning, and forms of gentrification and neighbourhood upgrading in Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver, 1961 to 2001

C i t i e s. C e n t r e. /. C e n t r e. f o r. U r b a n. a n d. C o m m u n i t y. S t u d i e s. U n i v e r s i t y. o f. T o r o n t o. w w w. u r b a n c e n t r e. u t o r o n t o. c a T i m i n g ,. P a t t e r n i n g ,. a n d. F o r m s. o f. G e n t r i f i c a t i o n. i i i Executive Summary Gentrification is a sub-set of the neighbourhood upgrading process. [...] Thus, from the beginning, the gen- trification literature has retained a focus on class, and referred to three important processes tied to the renovation of older residential areas in the cores of cities: • change in the tenure status of the housing in the neighbourhood; • increases in relative land and dwelling values and concomitant declines in affordability; • upgrading in the social class char [...] C e n t r e. f o r. U r b a n. a n d. C o m m u n i t y. S t u d i e s. C i t i e s. C e n t r e. U n i v e r s i t y. o f. T o r o n t o. w w w. u r b a n c e n t r e. u t o r o n t o. c a 4. T i m i n g ,. P a t t e r n i n g ,. a n d. F o r m s. o f. G e n t r i f i c a t i o n Studies of gentrification and upgrading have employed a myriad of definitions and methods, typically focusing on only [...] The first section documents the timing and patterning of gentrification and other forms of neighbourhood upgrading across the study period in the three cities, employing strict criteria for assessing the extent and nature of the shifts in evidence. [...] C e n t r e. f o r. U r b a n. a n d. C o m m u n i t y. S t u d i e s. C i t i e s. C e n t r e. U n i v e r s i t y. o f. T o r o n t o. w w w. u r b a n c e n t r e. u t o r o n t o. c a 1 0. T i m i n g ,. P a t t e r n i n g ,. a n d. F o r m s. o f. G e n t r i f i c a t i o n A total of six indicators related to these three processes were calculated and used to detect the presence, timing,