Ecohealth and watersheds

These include the challenges of working across jurisdictions and sectors; of integrating academic disciplines and multiple worldviews; of spatial-temporal scale and the relationship between systems defined at different scales; and of the complexity of issues pertaining to each aspect of these social-ecological systems (including climate ix ECOHEALTH AND WATERSHEDS and atmospheric processes, land u [...] For example, the WHO Commissioner on the Social Determinants of Health clearly identified the links between the social determinants of environmental change and the effect of environmental change on health inequities: “Putting all these levels in context is the natural environment, and the macro-level to micro-level effects of environmental change. [...] Furthermore, both models are couched in a discus- sion of the evolution of our understanding of the meaning of health and its determinants, the influence of ecological thinking, and the need for management of human health at the interface of biophysical and socio-economic environments. [...] Instead of viewing social processes as actions “in response” to driving forces, pressures, the state of the environment, exposure and health effects, Parkes and VanLeeuwen’s frameworks explicitly re-couple the biophysical and socio-eco- nomic environment and encourage thinking and approaches which recognize that: i) the same driving forces and pressures can result in combined social and environmen [...] The concept of ecosys- tem services is elaborated in further detail in Section 3. The Butterfly model, the Prism Framework and the MA framework (Figures 2, 3 and 4) help us to under- stand that health is an expression of the condition of the overall system of interacting ecological and human relationships.