If a segment of the population is undercounted, the census figures are less representative of this population, which could decrease the relevance of the census data and affect the results obtained as well as the policies developed using these data. [...] Since recent immigrants and NPRs are new to the country, they may also be less aware of the Canadian census tradition, the obligation to complete the questionnaire and the importance of the results. [...] The missed rate was calculated using a ratio of the number of missed to the sum of this population and the number of enumerated individuals estimated by the RRC. [...] Missed rates by survey frame Examining the missed rates of the different survey frames reveals that recent immigrants and NPRs are more likely to be missed in the 2011 Census than the rest of the population. [...] The characteristics available in the IRCC files correspond to the characteristics at the time the permit was issued.